Skin Cancers: Diagnosis and Prevention
Introduction
Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells, often triggered by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. It is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide but also one of the most preventable and treatable—especially when detected early.
Types of Skin Cancer
- Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC):
The most common and least dangerous form. It typically appears as a pearly or waxy bump on sun-exposed areas. - Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC):
Often appears as a red, scaly patch or sore that may crust or bleed. It can grow and spread if left untreated. - Melanoma:
The deadliest type, arising from pigment-producing cells (melanocytes). It may look like a new mole or a change in an existing mole’s appearance.
Risk Factors
- Prolonged UV exposure
- Fair skin, freckles, and light hair
- Family or personal history of skin cancer
- Weakened immune system
- Use of tanning beds
- Age over 50
Diagnosis of Skin Cancer
Early diagnosis significantly improves treatment outcomes. Key steps include:
- Skin Examination:
Dermatologists check for suspicious moles or lesions. - Dermatoscopy:
A special magnifying tool used to examine skin lesions in detail. - Biopsy:
A small tissue sample is removed and examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis. - Mole Mapping/Photography:
Used to track changes in moles over time, especially in high-risk individuals.
Prevention Tips
- Limit Sun Exposure:
Avoid direct sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when UV rays are strongest. - Use Sunscreen:
Choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher and reapply every 2 hours. - Protective Clothing:
Wear wide-brimmed hats, sunglasses, and long-sleeved clothing. - Avoid Tanning Beds:
Artificial UV rays increase the risk of all types of skin cancer. - Regular Skin Checks:
Examine your skin monthly and consult a dermatologist annually, especially if you’re at high risk.
ABCDE Rule for Spotting Melanoma
- A – Asymmetry: One half doesn’t match the other
- B – Border: Edges are irregular or blurred
- C – Color: Multiple colors or uneven shades
- D – Diameter: Greater than 6 mm (pencil eraser size)
- E – Evolving: Changes in size, shape, or color over time
Conclusion
Skin cancer is largely preventable and highly treatable if caught early. By understanding risk factors, adopting sun-safe habits, and performing regular skin checks, individuals can greatly reduce their chances of developing skin cancer.
Sources / Scientific References
- American Cancer Society. Skin Cancer Basics.
https://www.cancer.org - World Health Organization (WHO). Ultraviolet Radiation and the INTERSUN Programme.
https://www.who.int - Skin Cancer Foundation. Prevention Guidelines.
https://www.skincancer.org - National Cancer Institute. Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version.
https://www.cancer.gov - Mayo Clinic. Skin cancer – Symptoms and causes.
https://www.mayoclinic.org