What is the HPV DNA Test?
The HPV DNA test is a screening method used to detect high-risk types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) that can lead to cervical cancer. Unlike the Pap smear that looks for abnormal cervical cells, the HPV DNA test identifies the presence of the virus’s genetic material (DNA), especially the strains most commonly associated with cervical cancer.
Why is the HPV DNA Test Important?
Certain strains of HPV, especially types 16 and 18, are responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. Early detection of these high-risk types can help prevent the progression from infection to cancer. The test is particularly important for women over the age of 30, as persistent infection at this age increases the risk of developing cervical abnormalities.
Who Should Get Tested?
- Women aged 30 and above as part of routine cervical cancer screening
- Women who have had abnormal Pap smear results
- Those with a history of multiple sexual partners or early sexual activity
- Individuals who are HIV positive or immunocompromised
How is the Test Performed?
The test is simple and painless. A healthcare provider collects a sample of cells from the cervix using a soft brush or spatula. This sample is then sent to a lab to detect the DNA of high-risk HPV strains.
What Do the Results Mean?
- Positive Result: Indicates the presence of high-risk HPV. This doesn’t mean cancer is present, but close monitoring or further testing (like a colposcopy) is needed.
- Negative Result: No high-risk HPV detected. Regular screening can continue as advised by your doctor.
Benefits of the HPV DNA Test
- Early detection of cancer-causing HPV types
- Higher sensitivity than Pap smear for identifying high-risk HPV
- Can be done along with or instead of a Pap smear
- Helps in making informed decisions about further diagnostic procedures
Limitations
- Cannot identify low-risk HPV types that cause genital warts
- Not recommended for women under 25 due to high chances of transient HPV infections
- May lead to unnecessary anxiety if not combined with proper counseling
Prevention of HPV Infection
- HPV vaccination (Gardasil or Cervarix) before sexual debut
- Use of condoms
- Regular cervical cancer screenings
- Limiting number of sexual partners
Scientific References
Arbyn M, et al. (2020). Detecting cervical precancer and reaching underscreened women by using HPV testing on self samples. BMJ.
World Health Organization (WHO) – Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – HPV and Cancer
Schiffman M, et al. (2007). Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Lancet.
Saslow D, et al. (2012). American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Prevention and Early Detection of Cervical Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin.